The Israel Defense Forces (IDF), known in Hebrew as Tzahal (צה״ל), is the military force responsible for the defense of the State of Israel. Established following Israel's declaration of independence, the IDF serves as the nation's sole military organization, encompassing all branches including the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, the Israeli Navy, and intelligence units. It operates under the authority of the Ministry of Defense, with the Chief of the General Staff as its highest-ranking military officer, who reports to the Defense Minister. The IDF is renowned for its mandatory conscription policy, requiring most Israeli citizens over the age of 18 to serve, with men typically serving 32 months and women 24 months, though exemptions and variations exist. The organization plays a central role in Israel's national security strategy, engaging in operations to counter threats from neighboring regions and maintaining a state of readiness amid ongoing geopolitical tensions.

The IDF has been involved in numerous conflicts since its inception, including the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Six-Day War in 1967, the Yom Kippur War in 1973, and more recent operations in Gaza and Lebanon. It emphasizes technological innovation, intelligence capabilities, and rapid mobilization, often described as one of the world's most advanced militaries relative to its size. The IDF also contributes to humanitarian efforts, disaster relief, and international peacekeeping missions, while facing international scrutiny over its conduct in conflicts, particularly regarding civilian casualties and adherence to international law. Domestically, it holds significant cultural and societal influence in Israel, shaping national identity and policy.

Criticisms and allegations against the IDF include accusations of excessive use of force, war crimes, and violations of human rights during military operations, such as the 2008-2009 Gaza War (Operation Cast Lead) and the 2014 Gaza War (Operation Protective Edge). Reports from organizations like Human Rights Watch and the United Nations have highlighted concerns over proportionality and targeting practices, leading to investigations and legal challenges at bodies like the International Criminal Court. Despite these controversies, the IDF maintains that its actions are defensive and compliant with international standards.