The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), also known as the Sepah-e Pasdaran, is Iran's elite multi-service military branch, established after the 1979 Iranian Revolution to safeguard the Islamic Republic and its revolutionary principles. It operates independently from the regular Iranian army (Artesh) and reports directly to the Supreme Leader. The IRGC encompasses ground forces, navy, aerospace force, and the elite Quds Force, which specializes in extraterritorial operations and proxy support across the Middle East, including backing groups such as Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in Gaza, and Shia militias in Iraq and Syria. This external focus often brings it into conflict with Israeli interests, as well as with Saudi Arabia and the U.S., fueling regional proxy conflicts. The IRGC is responsible for external operations, including cyber warfare and the protection of Iran's nuclear sites, and has been linked to the country's nuclear program, though Iran denies weaponization pursuits. Domestically, it plays a significant role in suppressing dissent, as seen in crackdowns during protests like those in 2009 and 2022. Economically, it controls a vast network of businesses through its engineering arm, Khatam al-Anbiya, spanning construction, oil, and telecommunications, leading to criticisms of corruption and monopolistic practices. The IRGC is accused by Western governments of involvement in terrorism, regional destabilization, human rights abuses, arms smuggling, cyberattacks, and plots against dissidents abroad. It has been designated a terrorist organization by the United States (since 2019), the European Union, and others. The killing of Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani in a 2020 U.S. drone strike escalated tensions. Despite international sanctions, the IRGC maintains advanced missile and drone capabilities. Its dual military-political-economic role underscores its centrality to Iran's power structure.