Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (1928-2020) was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as President of Egypt from 4 October 1981 until his resignation on 11 February 2011 amid the Egyptian Revolution. Born in the village of Kafr El-Meselha in the Monufia Governorate, he graduated from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1949 and pursued a career in the Egyptian Air Force, rising to become its commander from 1972 to 1975 and achieving the rank of air chief marshal in 1973. Appointed Vice President by Anwar Sadat in 1975, Mubarak succeeded him following Sadat's assassination in 1981. He also briefly served as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1982. During his three-decade presidency, Mubarak maintained Egypt's peace treaty with Israel, pursued economic liberalization, and aligned with Western powers, but his rule was marked by authoritarianism, including emergency law extensions, suppression of religious dissidents and Islamist groups, widespread corruption allegations involving his family, and crackdowns on political dissent. Mubarak's regime faced mounting criticism for human rights abuses, electoral fraud, and enriching his sons Alaa and Gamal through business monopolies. The 2011 Arab Spring protests, centered in Tahrir Square, led to his ouster by the military. He was arrested and faced trials: convicted in 2012 of failing to prevent the killing of protesters (life sentence), but acquitted on retrial in 2014; corruption charges related to gas exports to Israel were dropped in 2015. Mubarak lived under house arrest post-release and died on 25 February 2020 in Cairo from health complications. His era is controversial, praised by some for stability and condemned by others for stifling democracy and enabling cronyism.