Based on his doctoral dissertation at the University of Wisconsin under George Mosse, Ledeen published 'Universal Fascism' (Howard Fertig, 1972), examining Mussolini's efforts to create a fascist international movement. Critics noted the book was 'energized by a covert admiration for what he saw as the elan of fascism, its disruptive force and ability to mobilize the masses.' John Ganz argued it concluded 'on a note of admiration and regret for the failed revolution of Italian fascism.' Ledeen's later neoconservative writings echoed fascist rhetoric about creative destruction and revolutionary violence — his 2002 statement 'Creative destruction is our middle name' has been traced directly to this scholarly engagement.