Paul Henry O'Neill (1935-2020) was an American businessman and government official who served as the 72nd United States Secretary of the Treasury from January 2001 to December 2002 under President George W. Bush. Prior to his government role, O'Neill had a distinguished career in business, most notably as Chairman and CEO of Alcoa (1987-1999), where he transformed the company into a global leader through cost-cutting measures and environmental initiatives. He was known for his fiscal conservatism, emphasis on ethical business practices, and advocacy for free trade and economic policy reforms. O'Neill's early career included service in the U.S. Navy and roles in the Office of Management and Budget during the Nixon and Ford administrations, where he rose to deputy director. His government experience informed his later criticisms of fiscal policy, including opposition to tax cuts during his Treasury tenure, which contributed to his resignation. Post-government, O'Neill became a philanthropist focusing on global health issues through the Gates Foundation and other initiatives, authored the bestselling memoir 'The Price of Loyalty' (2002), and served as chairman of the board for the Millennium Challenge Corporation. He was recognized for his straightforward demeanor and commitment to public service, earning awards including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2020.