The National Rifle Association (NRA) is a prominent American nonprofit organization dedicated to advocating for gun rights and the protection of the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Founded in 1871 by Civil War veterans William C. Church and George W. Wingate, the NRA initially focused on promoting and improving rifle marksmanship among civilians and the National Guard, emphasizing recreational and scientific shooting practices. Over the decades, it evolved from a sporting and training organization into a powerful political lobby, particularly after the 1970s when internal shifts led to a more aggressive stance on gun rights. The NRA's Institute for Legislative Action (ILA), established in 1975, serves as its lobbying arm, influencing firearm-related legislation and informing members about bills since 1934. Today, the NRA engages in significant political spending to support pro-Second Amendment candidates and has become one of the most influential advocacy groups in the United States, often countering federal gun control efforts.

The organization's influence stems from its large membership, estimated in the millions, and substantial financial resources derived from dues, donations, and partnerships with the firearms industry. It has played a key role in shaping gun policy debates, successfully opposing various gun control measures while promoting firearm safety training, hunter education, and competitive shooting programs. However, the NRA has faced controversies, including allegations of financial mismanagement and corruption involving former CEO Wayne LaPierre, leading to lawsuits, a 2020 bankruptcy filing (later dismissed), and internal divisions. Critics accuse it of prioritizing industry interests over public safety, especially in the wake of mass shootings, while supporters view it as a defender of constitutional freedoms. Despite legal and financial challenges, the NRA remains a central player in U.S. politics, with ongoing efforts to maintain its lobbying power and membership base.