Gisèle Littman, better known by her pen name Bat Ye'or (Hebrew for 'Daughter of the Nile'), is an Egyptian-born British-Swiss author, essayist, and independent scholar born on January 1, 1933, in Cairo, Egypt, to a middle-class Jewish family. She grew up in Egypt during a period of increasing anti-Jewish sentiment following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the 1956 Suez Crisis, which led to the expulsion of many Jews from the country. In 1957, at age 24, she fled Egypt with her family, first settling in England where she became a British citizen, later moving to Switzerland and acquiring Swiss citizenship. Her early experiences as a Jewish refugee profoundly influenced her writings, focusing on the historical persecution of non-Muslims under Islamic rule. She coined the term 'dhimmitude' to describe the institutionalized subjugation of non-Muslims (dhimmis) in historical Islamic empires, detailed in works like 'The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude' (1996). She is best known for developing the 'Eurabia' theory in her 2005 book 'Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis,' which posits a conspiracy whereby European elites collaborate with Arab states and Muslim organizations to Islamize Europe, fostering anti-Western, anti-Christian, and antisemitic sentiments. Her writings blend historical analysis with contemporary political critique, often warning of Europe's cultural and demographic submission to Islam. While influential in conservative, neoconservative, and counter-jihadist circles, her work has been heavily criticized as promoting Islamophobic conspiracy theories, lacking rigorous scholarship, and exaggerating threats. Her books have been cited by far-right figures, including Anders Behring Breivik in his 2011 manifesto justifying the Norway attacks, though she has condemned violence and terrorism. Despite controversies, her ideas continue to shape debates on immigration, multiculturalism, and Islam in the West.