Barbara Lerner Spectre, born January 1, 1942, is an American-Israeli academic, Judaic scholar, and philosophy lecturer. She is the founding director of Paideia, the European Institute for Jewish Studies in Sweden, a non-denominational academic institute established in 2001 in Stockholm. Paideia focuses on Jewish text studies, leadership training, and reviving Jewish culture in Europe through education and interfaith initiatives. Spectre has been active in pro-Israel advocacy and interfaith dialogue efforts. She emigrated from the United States to Israel before moving to Sweden in the late 1990s to lead Paideia. Her public statements, particularly a 2010 interview with Israel Broadcasting Authority where she stated that 'Jews are going to be at the centre of' Europe's multicultural transformation and that 'Europe has not yet learned how to be multicultural,' have generated significant controversy, often cited in debates on immigration and multiculturalism.